Test de sangre oculta en deposiciones para programas de cribado de cáncer colorrectal: actualización

Resumen

Screening programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) are standard in most developed countries because they reduce mortality and are cost-effective. Within them, colonoscopy allows to directly visualize the colon and remove neoplastic lesions. However, it is an expensive exam with low adherence in asymptomatic individuals. The fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is a low-cost and risk-free method for the user, which results in a high rate of adherence, explaining its use in most screening programs. This article analyzes the effectiveness of different fecal occult blood tests in screening programs. The main conclusions are that the sensitivity of the guaiac-based chemical test for the detection of colorectal cancer is lower than that observed with qualitative and quantitative immunological tests. Automated quantitative methods allow objective readings independent of the operator and the reaction reading time, necessary for the analysis of large numbers of samples. The participation rate with immunological FOBTs is higher than with chemical ones, which is why they are preferred by the different countries that have screening programs. The use of quantitative tests allows stratification of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients at higher risk, in the screening programs.